1.1 Classification of electrical engineering as a science
Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline with a foundation in the natural sciences. It originated from the experimental physics of the 18th and 19th centuries, but in the course of industrialization developed into an independent technical field with specific methodology, terminology, and mathematical formalization.
From a philosophy of science perspective, electrical engineering can be described as an applied natural science whose cognitive interest is both explanatory and constructive. While physics primarily aims at understanding and describing natural phenomena, electrical engineering additionally pursues the goal of technical implementation, optimization, and system integration. It transforms physical laws into technically usable systems.
Electrical engineering thus exists in a tension between theory and practice, between mathematical abstraction and industrial implementation.
1.2 Methodology and Knowledge Acquisition
The methodological structure of electrical engineering is based on three pillars:
- Mathematical modeling
of electrical engineering systems is described by differential equations, vector analysis, and complex numbers. For example, electrical networks are analyzed using Kirchhoff's laws, while electromagnetic fields are characterized by Maxwell's equations. - Experimental verification:
Laboratory experiments and measurement procedures serve to test theoretical models. Measurement technology and standardization are central components of scientific progress. - Technical implementation
insights are transferred into real components, machines, and systems. Materials science, manufacturing technology, and system integration play a crucial role here.
This combination of theory, experiment and application distinguishes electrical engineering from purely theoretical disciplines.
1.3 Mathematical Foundations
The development of electrical engineering was closely linked to advances in mathematics. The following areas, in particular, were central:
- Differential and integral calculus
- Vector analysis
- Linear Algebra
- Complex AC power calculation
- Fourier and Laplace transforms
The introduction of field theory in the 19th century led to a profound mathematical understanding of electromagnetic phenomena. The description of fields replaced older action-at-a-distance theories and enabled a consistent representation of energy and momentum transport.
1.4 Systems-theoretical perspective
In the 20th century, systems theory developed into a fundamental paradigm of electrical engineering. Electrical systems are no longer viewed in isolation, but as dynamic systems with input and output variables.
Key concepts include:
- State space representation
- Transfer functions
- Stability analysis
- Control engineering
- Signal processing
This systemic approach enabled the development of modern communication networks, automation systems, and digital computer architectures.
1.5 Standardization
The technical implementation of electrotechnical systems required international standardization of units of measurement and safety regulations. The introduction of the International System of Units (SI) created globally comparable units of measurement.
Standards bodies developed guidelines for:
- Stress levels
- Mains frequencies
- Safety standards
- Electromagnetic compatibility
Without this standardization, the global networking of technical infrastructures would not have been possible.
1.6 Interdisciplinarity
Electrical engineering is now highly interdisciplinary. It combines:
- Physics (Electrodynamics, Solid State Physics)
- Computer Science (Digital Systems, Algorithms)
- Materials science (semiconductors, nanostructures)
- Mechanical engineering (drive technology)
- Energy technology (grid integration, storage technologies)
This interconnectedness makes it a key technology in modern societies.
1.7 Epistemological Reflection
From an epistemological perspective, electrical engineering is an example of the transformation of scientific theories into technological artifacts. Theories such as electrodynamics are not merely explanatory models, but serve as the basis for the design of generators, motors, semiconductors, and communication systems.
Thus, electrical engineering is not only a technical discipline, but also a driver of epistemic innovation: Technical systems enable new experiments, which in turn lead to further theoretical insights.
1.8 Summary
Chapter 1 shows that electrical engineering emerged from physics but developed into an independent engineering discipline with its own specific methodology. Its history is characterized by:
- mathematical formalization
- experimental precision
- industrial implementation
- interdisciplinary networking
It forms the structural basis of modern technological civilization and is at the same time a dynamic field of research that is constantly evolving.
